# History of Computer Network

## History of Computer Network

### ARPANET

**A**dvanced **R**esearch **P**rojects **A**gency **Net**work.

The ARPANET established in 1969 by the United States Department of Defense, was the world’s first operational packet-switching network and the direct forerunner of the modern Internet.

The initial ARPANET configuration linked

1. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
2. Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
3. University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)
4. University of Utah School of Computing

<figure><img src="/files/DY1FFmUQmPu3bQeLur0j" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The first successful host-to-host connection on the ARPANET was made between Stanford Research Institute (SRI) and UCLA, by SRI programmer Bill Duvall and UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 pm PST on 29 October 1969 (6:30 UTC on 30 October 1969)

Kline connected from UCLA's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer (in Boelter Hall room 3420) to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. Kline typed the command "login," but initially the SDS 940 crashed after he typed two characters. About an hour later, after Duvall adjusted parameters on the machine, Kline tried again and successfully logged in. Hence, the first two characters successfully transmitted over the ARPANET were "lo". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By 5 December 1969, the initial four-node network was established.

<figure><img src="/files/nf9bdSL4DW5NSAaMS3Px" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Internet

In 1973, Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term internet (Internetworking) is born.

### TCP/IP

In 1982, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET.

### WWW

**W**orld **W**ide **W**eb

1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public in 1991.


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